Imperialism-Doomed to Collapse under Its Own Weight Essay

Imperialism-Doomed to Collapse under Its Own Weight - Essay Example The differences in of time and seasons of these territories, and the variety of soils and climates, are believe to have an ever more significant effect upon the material and industrial, as well as upon the social and political expansion of the British Empire (British Empire, 2004). Although the British Empire has since almost completely disappeared, its tough influence all over the world, such as in economic practice, legal and government systems, the spread of many traditionally British sports (such as cricket) and also the spread of the English language still remains (British Empire, 2006). The failure of English territorial ambitions in continental Europe impelled the kingdom's rulers to look further afield, creating the foundations of the mercantile and colonial network that was later to become the British Empire. The chaos of the Reformation entangled England in religious wars with Europe's Catholic powers, particularly Spain, however, the kingdom preserved its independence as much through luck as through the skill of charismatic rulers such as Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's successor, James I was already king of Scotland (as James VI); and this personal union of the two crowns into the crown of Great Britain was followed a century later by the Act of Union 1707, which formally unified England, Scotland and Wales into the Kingdom of Great Britain. This later became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801 to 1927) and then the modern state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927 to present) (England, 2006). The overseas British Empir e - in the sense of British oceanic exploration and settlement outside of Europe and the British Isles - was rooted in the revolutionary maritime policies of King Henry VII, who reigned 1485-1509. Building on commercial links in the wool trade promoted during the reign of his predecessor King Richard III, (British Empire, 2006). The fundamentals of sea power, having been laid during Henry VII's reign, were slowly extended to defend English trade and open up new routes. King Henry VIII founded the modern English navy (though the plans to do so were put into motion during his father's reign), more than tripling the number of warships and constructing the first large vessels with heavy, long-range guns. He initiated the Navy's formal, centralized administrative apparatus, built new docks, and constructed the network of beacons and lighthouses that greatly facilitated coastal navigation for English and foreign merchant sailors. Henry thus established the munitions-based Royal Navy that was able to repulse the Spanish Armada in 1588, and his innovations provided the seed for the imperial navy of later centuries (British Empire, 2006). In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the island of Newfoundland as England's for Elizabeth I, reinforcing John Cabot's prior claim to the island in 1497, for Henry VII, as England's first overseas colony. Gilbert's shipwreck prevented ensuing settlement in Newfoundland, other than the seasonal cod fishermen who had frequented the

Payroll System Essay Example for Free

Payroll System Essay 1.0 Introduction A payroll system involves everything that has to do with the payment of employees and the filing of employment taxes. This includes keeping track of hours, calculating wages, withholding taxes and other deductions, printing and delivering checks and paying employment taxes to the government. A computerized payroll system saves on time and lowers your error ratio. You can enter payroll payment information quicker than with a manual system, and run payroll registers to double check your information before printing the checks. This allows you to detect errors and adjust them beforehand I have completed a preliminary investigation of the payroll system. As our project the payroll system is one of the software that the professional is develop, the system is good for its specialty in the fields of accounting, it is easy to use and effective and efficient in organizing and calculating the payroll process and it is more important application that should be used by businesses of any size. Payroll systems are very simple to use, they can easily be incorporated into any business applications being used by the company. These systems are a guaranteed way to make sure your payroll is done on time and in agreement with all taxing authorities. Tax laws and rates have continually changed in recent years, new tax credits, expiration of old credits and rate changes can all affect the outcome of your payroll. 1.1 Background of the study Holy Rosary School of Science Technology was established in 1987 by Mr. and Mrs. Rosario. The old name of the school is Holy Rosary Child Center School. It started as learning center and has been improved until 4th year high school. There are four quarters every year. Every last week of the quarters, the examinations are conducted. First quarter will start from the beginning of the school year mainly June and ends at the month of August. Second quarter will start from September until October. Third quarter will start from November until December. Then Christmas break will fall in the middle of December and last until the first week of January. The examination for third quarter will be on the second week of January. Fourth and the last quarter  will start from January until the end of the school year mainly March. In every classroom there are 20-30 students. The system they are using is manual. The manual payroll system is an inexpensive method of performing the payroll process. Manual payroll means that you, or another employee within your company, calculate the payroll each pay period entirely on paper. You will need to calculate taxes, insurance, 401K, and any other applicable deductions in addition to each employees actual earnings. The advantage of using a manual system is that it is very inexpensive, with virtually no start-up costs. The disadvantage is that whatever you save on start-up costs will probably be eaten up by the amount of time it takes to process payroll. In addition, its very easy to make mistakes when processing payroll manually, and the penalty for mistakes, especially mistakes in taxing, can be very costly. There are at least free payroll templates out there, but it still difficult to do manual payroll processing. Student’s knowledge is measured by having examinations. Teachers will manually create the exam inations base on the lessons they already tackled each quarter. There are problems occur during these days. First is the creation of the questionnaire, it takes time and effort for it to be done and be ready for the examination day. Second, the examinations are mirrored to each other, so some of the students can easily cheat. Third, the questionnaire will be manually checked and it takes time before the Teachers and the student can see the results. Lastly the Teachers are having a hard time manually creating reports for the student record. 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2.1 General problem As a manual payroll system is done entirely by hand, there are plenty of points at which things can go wrong due to human error. They need a long time to enroll and lack of security such as because of poor data storage. An individual carries out all timesheets, taxes, wages, checks, verification and recordings, and there are many small calculations that can be slightly mistaken that will cause far more serious problems further down the line. The fact that a manual payroll is done by hand can cause problems  with liability. If one individual is in charge of the payroll system, then anything and everything that goes wrong is their responsibility, meaning they will have to deal with the consequences. If there are any mistakes made with taxes, then the individual can infer penalties from the government. A manual payroll system can only really used successfully and efficiently if it is only for a handful of employees. 1.2.2 Specific problems 1.2.2.1 Poor Student Info. Using manual system, the students information are only place or written in index card, so there are times that some of the index must misplace or lost. Because it is not a computerized system, computerized payroll system saves on time and lowers your error ratio. You can enter payroll payment information quicker than with a manual system, and run payroll registers to double-check your information before printing the checks. 1.2.2.2 Lack of Security Using manual system, there is a tendency that a data will be lost or misplaced. Storing of data in everywhere, like in the table which can lead to misplacement of the data because its not a computerized system, using that system they dont need to store it everywhere because it is placed on a computer, which is a data are secured. 1.2.2.3 Problems with a paycheck Problems with a paycheck can mess up an employees budgeting for the month. Being over or underpaid and too early or too late is not only extremely irritating, but can lead to bills not being paid on time and payments being missed. The most common problems in manual payroll systems are due to the margin for error being much higher than other systems. 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.3.1 General objective To provide a computerized system because manual system can consume time or it can waste time. Using manual system, there are plenty of points at which things can go wrong due to human error. The fact that a manual payroll is  done by hand can cause problems with liability. If one individual is in charge of the payroll system, then anything and everything that goes wrong is their responsibility, meaning they will have to deal with the consequences. Computerized system can help Holy Rosary School of Science and Technology to secure important data by the use of computer. Computerized System can manage things easier and faster. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 1.3.2.1 Complete and Upgraded Student Information Students and Teachers in Holy Rosary School of Science and Technology can find any information easily and more accurate because it is already stored in computer. 1.3.2.2 To maintain a data secured By keeping a data secured, all students and teachers are worry free from their files or data by the help of a computerized system. They can secured it more by using password. 1.3.2.3 Complete paycheck Using computerized system, employers can manage their workers or teachers salary accurately or on time. 1.4 Significance of the study This study is conducted by the researchers for the purpose of developing a manual system to lessen the chances of the aforementioned problems to occur again. Nowadays, computerized system are widely used by schools around the world. This gave the researchers the idea to conduct this study and give solutions to the problems encountered. This study can also benefits school, principal, registrar, faculty, students, parents, researchers, and also future researchers. 1. The school The researchers proposed study can benefit Holy Rosary School of Science and Technology by having a record that we conduct a survey and interview or we are studying the system of their school. 2.The Principal The researchers proposed study will benefit the principal of the school that we conduct a survey by gaining a knowledge from our interview because the principal will know that they need to upgrade their system from manual system to computerized system. 3. The Registrar The benefit of the researchers prop osed study is to influence the owner of the school to upgrade their system, to find any  information easily and accurately. 4. The Faculty The researchers proposed study will benefit the faculty from their study because it will help them check, locate and print the reports easily. 5. Students/ Pupils The researchers proposed study serves the students as their reference or guide in creating their program. It will also help students taking computer related courses to identify the best programming language to use. 6. Parents The researchers proposed study will benefit every parents or researchers parents by being happy because of the knowledge of the researchers gained. 7. The researchers Researchers will benefit from this study by applying the knowledge and skills gained in programming to real life scenario. 8. The future researchers The proposed study will benefits and help the future researcher as their guide. The study can also open in development of this study. 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study Scope of the Study Easily to find data Security Setting Certification of Grades Sectioning of the Students Viewing of Student Form Updating Requirements Viewing of Schedule of Exam Viewing of Students Schedule Limitations Students examination Payment Students grade 2.0 Methodology of the Study Figure 1 Waterfall Model 1. Software Requirement Specification – This is the most crucial phase of the whole project. Here, the project team, along with the customer makes a detailed list of user requirements. The project team chalks out, in detail, the functionality and limitations of the software they are developing. The document which contains all this information is called SRS and it clearly and unambiguously indicates the requirements. A small amount of top-level analysis and design is also documented. This document is verified and endorsed by the customer before starting the project. SRS serves as the input for further phases. 2. Software Design and System Design – Using SRS as input, system design is done. System design includes designing of software and hardware i.e. functionality of hardware and software is delineated. After the separation design of the software, the modules are done. The design process translates requirements into representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before generation of code begins. At the same time test plan is prepared. Test plan describes the various tests which will be carried out on the system after completion of development. 3. Implementation and Unit Testing – After the system design, code generation begins. Code generation is the conversion of design into machine-readable form. If designing of software and system is done well, code generation can be easy. Software modules are now further divided into units. A unit is a logically separable part of the software. Testing of units can be done separately. In this phase unit testing is done by the developer himself, to ensure that there are no defects.

Symbolism Of Illusion In The Glass Menagerie

Symbolism Of Illusion In The Glass Menagerie Illusion is the most important word in the thematic and symbolic organisation of the play, The Glass Menagerie. Williams wastes no time in pointing out the illusions that are important in the play. The stage directions tell us that transparent walls create the illusion of an apartment building, while music and coloured lights suggest a dance hall across the alley. The fire escape that leads into and out of the Wingfields apartment only seems to provide an escape from what Williams calls the slow and implacable fires of human desperation. Several times Tom comments directly to us that America in the 1930s believed that the worlds trouble were not important enough to worry about. The young people though that change and adventure were possible in their lives only through hot swing music and liquor, dance halls, bars, and movies, and sex. But, in truth, the world in the 1930s was not waiting for the sunrise, according to the popular song; it was waiting for the bombardments of the Second World War. As Williams takes us inside the Wingfields apartment and the lives to his characters, he reveals more illusions and he shows how his characters use them and respond to them. To avoid the unpleasant truth of her familys present and probable future condition, Toms mother, Amanda, cherishes several illusions. She believes that she still has the charm she once had as a young girl in Blue Mountain, and she treasures the memory of having received seventeen gentlemen callers one Sunday afternoon, any one of whom she could have married. She believes that her children are bound to succeed since they are just full of natural endowments. The fact is that Tom is close t losing his job at the warehouse, has decided to become a merchant seaman, yet really wants to be a writer. Toms sitter, Laura, suffers from acute shyness, is lame, and seems interested only in caring for her collection of glass animals and listening to old phonograph records. It is typical of Amandas desperate clinging to illusio n that she believes Laura can be happy and successful is she goes to business college and learns to type. It is almost painful for us to watch Amanda convince herself that the gentleman caller Tom has invited for supper is a remarkable young man who will be a fine suitor for Laura. She believes that if she makes Laura look pretty and attractive, if she alters one of her old dresses to wear herself, shines up the three remaining pieces of wedding silver, recovers the furniture, gets a new lamp, and if she herself plays the role of a charming, youthful Southern matron, Lauras gentleman caller will be so captivated that he will become a frequent caller and will eventually marry Laura. The fact is that Him OConnor is only an average fellow, whose moments of popularity and success are fading memories of high school days. He seems to feel sorry for Laura as a brother might rather than enamoured of her as a suitor. What is more, Jim is engaged and when he makes his announcement, Amandas il lusion is smashed. While Him OConnor temporarily becomes an illusion of Lauras salvation in Amandas mind, Jim also has illusions. He has created them in order to believe in a happy and successful future. Jim has faced the fact that he has not achieved the success everyone in high school expected of him, but he believes that he can still capture it. By taking a course in public speaking and thereby gaining social poise, he is certain that with his brains and ability he will be fitted for an executive position. He also believes that by taking a course in radio engineering he will be able to get in on the ground floor of the television industry and go right to the top of the ladder of success. Jims buoyant self-confidence, native sincerity, and boyish insensitivity to many of the things going on around him help him to create his illusions. The various generalizations that he proclaims about life, himself, and other people provide him with a protective cloak but the cloak may well turn out to be threadbare as time passes. Laura, shy and withdrawn as she is, also has illusions. She believes that, when she was in high school and wore a brace on her leg, everyone used to watch her when she was late for chorus practice and had to go clumping to her seat in the back row of the auditorium. In explaining her agonized self consciousness, she tells Jim that, to her, the clumping sounded like thunder. Of course, Jim never even noticed. When Laura talks to Jim about her favouite glass animal, a unicorn, she is really talking about herself. She develops her illusion by saying that the unicorn loves the light, may feel lonesome being different from the other animals, but does not complain about it and get along nicely with the horses that do not have horns. She also says that all of her glass animals like a change of scenery to the movies or to the Jewel-box, where they raise the tropical flowers, instead of going to her classes at business college. When the unicorn falls from the table and loses his horn, Laura s ays that she will imagine that the unicorn had an operation, that the horn was removed to make the unicorn feel less freakish. Similarly, in her brief time with Jim, during which they talk, dance, and kiss, Laura apparently feels less freakish. To explain why Jim has been beyond her reach, Laura has imagined that Jim married Emily Meisenbach. When she learns that he did not, Laura hopes that Jim will call on her again or ask her for a date. Her momentary hope is destroyed, however, when Jim announces that he is going steady with a girl named Betty and that they are in love. Although she has illusions, Laura, nevertheless, seems to have accepted what she is and what life has offered to her. She does not try to gloss over or deny the ways things are as Amanda does. She does not project a happy and successful future for herself, as Jim does for himself. Nor does she quarrel with the way things are, as Tom does. Like the animals in her glass menagerie, Laura remains delicate and vulnerable. In her own way she is hard, as glass is hard, and just as easily damaged if not protected, but she also possesses beauty as fine glass does and an inner light of varying shades of colour. With his apparently clear view of the facts around him. Tom seems, at first, to have not illusions. He believes that by joining the Union of Mrechant Seamen he will even escape the fanciful views and pretensions that others have. As a traveler, he will experience change and adventure first-hand and so dispel what he regards as the harmful illusions about life and the world that surround him in his family and in society. At the end of the play, however, Tom admits that he has been pursued by the memory of his sisters fragile existence. His escape itself was an illusion, and he discovers that he has been more faithful to Laura than he intended to be by continuing to remember and appreciate the fragile, the delicate, the beautiful things that Laura appreciates and comes to represent. Since the play itself and the characters are so obviously immersed in illusions, what is the truth that Tim Wingfield in his opening speech promises to reveal? What is Tennessee Williams theme in The Glass Menagerie? Illusions are deceptions, misinterpretations of the facts, and so would appear to be things to avoid, to be rid of; yet at the same time it is impossible for human beings to escape them. Williams shows us clearly that the various illusions the characters have are their means of coping with the facts of their lives. However foolish and silly their illusions may seem, all of the characters would suffer, perhaps even be broken, if they did not have them. Without pretense and self-deception, Amanda would have no self-confidence or hope for the future remaining after his failure to approach the success people had believed he would have. Laura would wither and die because she could not identify with anything, nor see beauty, delicacy, and truth in small, fragile, even commonpl ace things. Tom would nor escape because he could not hope to experience change and adventure. Unquestionably, illusions are potent things! But Williams does not say that illusions are necessarily better or more pleasant than facts. Just as facts can produce heartache and anguish knowing the clear truth about someone or something can sometimes be unbearable illusions, too, can bring sorrow and pain. Amandas are painful to Tom. Lauras and Toms are painful to Amanda, but perhaps the saddest illusion of all in the play is the one that prompts Tom to say good-bye to Laura. She is a reminder to Tom of an illusion-filled past that impeded his growth by obscuring his view of the way things truly are. To grow and to see things clearly, he had to leave. Moreover, when he says Nowadays the world is lit by lightning, Tim means that the world must be seen not in the soft, delicately flickering candle flame that is Laura but in the electric, dynamic illumination of a force beyond human influence. The force, manifest in lightning, is inexorable, and it blots out any candle flame. A glowing light, soft colour, or nostalgic sound or a shy, lame sister who appreciates such things has no place in the busy and insensitive world Tom sees around him. This belief, which is both Toms and the worlds, is, however, an illusion. That it is an illusion is shown by the very existence of the play. Tennessee Williams shows us that illusions, though hazardous, provide shelter from the hard facts of life. If we, like Tom, earnestly desire to escape the shelter and know these facts truly, we may have to give up out willingness to recognize and preserve the delicacy and beauty in life. This sacrifice may haunt us as it does Tom, but, according to Williams, the belief that we and the world must and will permanently say good-bye to all that Laura is and represents is itself an illusion-a sad deception.

Essay --

Carly Starkin Psychology Mrs. True January 9th, 2014 Quarter Project- The Glass Castle The memoir The Glass Castle stood out greatly to me when I was given synopses of our book choices for this project. I have a great interest in family dynamics and how a child’s upbringing could potentially affect him or her. I am also interested in mental disorders, although no particular disorder is specified in the book. Another reason why I chose this book was because I have a relative who has alcoholism and I have become increasingly interested on this terrible disease. Upon opening this inspiring memoir and reading the first few chapters, I was immediately drawn in. The Glass Castle taught me one very important thing about children who are growing up in an extremely dysfunctional household- they do not always turn out as messed up as their parents or guardians. In fact, the author, Jeannette Walls, actually turned out extremely well. She is a successful writer and journalist and seems to be happy with her life. She has showed me that carrying around some serious baggage does not always stop a person from reaching the top. In the memoir, Walls’ parents are extremely selfish and have no morals. There is little to no love shown to Walls and her siblings, forcing them to mature faster than they should have. For example, she had to cook her own food at the young age of three. If I had known nothing about Walls’ success upon reading this memoir, I would never have assumed that she is a bestselling author and big-name journalist. I do not think that Jeannette Walls wanted to share the story of her life with people for the purpose of entertainment. I believe her main focus was to give hope for people who are growing up impoverished or who have a... ...nly parties of one. No one wants to hear about how horrible your day was. Instead, it is always a better conversation when a happy event is being discussed. The Glass Castle definitely relates to psychology. Rex, the father, is an alcoholic. After learning about alcoholism in class, I certainly had a better understanding of why he kept going back to the bottle time after time. The mind of someone suffering from drug addiction or alcoholism is certainly a subject that is being studied in psychology classrooms and labs all over the world. The book is full of mental illness, some of which can be tied to nurture, some to nature. Jeannette Walls’ success can be tied to personal choice because she made decisions about her lifestyle that were not influenced by her upbringing. This is definitely a great book to discuss in a psychology class and I hope we get to do so.

Biopsych Cold Pressor

Physiology of Behaviour; Sex differences in physiological responses of the cold pressor test. Abstract This lab report aims to analyse the sex differences in a physiological responses to a potentially aversive physiological stress inducing stimuli. This was conducted by a cold pressor test. 8 males and 8 females participated. Heart rate, respiration rate, and galvanic skin was recorded whilst participants undertook the CPT test. Results showed no significant differences that there is a gender difference in experimental induced stimuli of pain. IntroductionTo say that male and females are biologically and physiologically the same is denying physical reality’s differentiation takes place immediately as the male or female begins to develop within the womb. The sex hormones –primarily oestrogen and testosterone–have a significant impact on the behaviour of males and females. Why do boys typically like to play with trucks and girls like to play with dolls? Feminists u sually claim this is the result of socialization, but there is growing scientific evidence that boys and girls are greatly influenced by their respective hormones.Within biological psychology the biology and physiological differences are studied thoroughly between male and female. In biological psychology, physiological pain has been studied frequently. Furthering this, the differences between male and female pain response and threshold for pain have been measured in several experiments. Pain is often described as an uncomfortable response to unpleasant stimuli. Different physiological responses take place when pain is perceived.The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: â€Å"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage†. (Bonica,1979) Pain motivates the individual to remove themselves from these unpleasant stimuli or situations, to prot ect the body. Pain is a part of the body’s defence system. Humans attempt to avoid similar painful and unpleasant experiences in the future. (Lynn,1984)Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal f the stimulus and apparent healing of the body; and sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease. (Raj,2007) People report a pain threshold and a pain tolerance. The pain threshold is the point at which sensation becomes pain, where as Pain tolerance is the amount of pain a person can handle without breaking down, either physically or emotionally. Men and women have reported over several studies different measures of pain threshold and pain tolerance in this following study I aim to review the literature between the sex differences of men and women in line with pain tolerance and pain threshold. Previous tests for pain threshold and tolerance that have been used are the electric shock test, tooth pulp stimulation, and tourniquet induced scheme (von Baeyer, 2007. ) The pain experiment that will be used in this lab report is the cold pressor test. The cold pressor test is a cardiovascular test performed by immersing the hand into an ice water container, usually for one minute, and measuring changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Its response is clinically indicative concerning vascular response and pulse excitability.The cold pressor test has been used for several years as a means of measuring experimentally induced pain. The cold pressor test is a preferred method to experimentally induce pain. Even though inducing pain seems unethical, as it is a necessity for psychological research, this method is preferred. It does not cause any psychology damage, it does not cause any damage to tissue or limbs, and minimum means of stimulation is used in comparison to other experimental induced pain methods. Methodology needs to be clear and con cise for carrying out the cold pressor test to be accurate.Temperature of the water is important to take into consideration when carrying out the cold pressor test, as temperature activates the sympathetic nervous system to release physiological responses. In a study researching the difference that the temperature of the water can make to the results showed significant outcomes. Twenty-six participants (12 men, 14 women) underwent 4  cold pressor  trials with  temperature order counterbalanced across 1 °C, 3 °C, 5 °C, and 7 °C,  temperatures  representative of  the  range used in previous literature.Significant main effects of temperature  were found for tolerance time, with higher  temperatures  resulting in longer times, and pain intensity, with lower  temperatures  resulting in higher intensities. Gender differences were obtained, with men tolerating  the  stimulus for significantly longer than women. Mitchell et al has found that water variati ons in CPT pain response in adults elicited by temperature variations of as little as 2 °C. The local warming changes the pain stimulus, enhancing the likelihood of longer tolerance.In conclusion, small differences in water temperature  have a significant effect on pain intensity and tolerance time. Methodology has to be carefully followed to ensure that the water temperature does not change across the study as very minor changes in experimental protocol can produce significant differences in the cold pressor test. (Mitchell, 2004). Other measures can also be obtained from the cold pressor such as pain threshold and pain tolerance. (Lowery, 2006)This is done by requiring a participant to place their hand in the cold pressor for as long as they can.Once pain is present, they let the researcher know. Once the pain is unbearable, the participant removes his/her hand. This provides a measure of threshold (first feeling pain) and tolerance (total time minus threshold). Within the hum an race, the vast majority of studies obtained results that women are more sensitive than men to experimentally induced pain, as evidenced by the cold pressor test. (Dixon, 2004) In a meta-analysis of 17 studies, Riley et al (1998) found that the effect sizes for sex differences in pain threshold and tolerance were moderate to large.Nevertheless, different experimenters suggested that these sex differences might not be as strongly supported. (Berkley, 1997) In their 1995 review, Fillingim and Maixner summarized 34 human studies. In 24 of these studies, men exhibited less pain than women, but sex differences were reported in only one of several measures or conditions examined in 7 of the 24 studies. .) In 10 of the 34 studies, sex differences were not found. . (Fillingim, 1995). The menstrual cycle plays a big part in the explanation of gender differences of pain tolerance and threshold.Studies have previously shown that higher oestrogen levels produce a greater pain perception. One study analysed the difference using the cold pressor test where 22 female students participated at two different phases of the menstrual cycle (days 2–4 and days 20–24). A control group of nineteen male students participated on two occasions, separated by a three week period were used. The results showed that men have a higher pain threshold than women, and women seemed to have a greater threshold for pain in the second period of their cycle. (Helstrom, B. amp; Lundberg, U. 2000) After reviewing and assessing the literature relating to gender differences in pain using the cold pressor test, we have decided to test the following 3 hypotheses; 1. Females and males will differ in pain threshold. 2. Females and males will differ in tolerance to pain. 3. There will be sex difference in physiological stress response (as measured by heart rate, respiration rate, and galvanic skin response) Participants The participants used were a random sample of 8 males and 8 females within an age range of 18-23. The mean age was 20.No participants were wearing tights or clothing that would disrupt the results of the physiological measures All subjects were assumed as English as a first language therefore understanding the instructions of the experiment. All subjects did not suffer from any medical issues outlined in the medical history form which included Reynaud’s Syndrome, high or low blood pressure, diabetes or epilepsy, recent injury or surgery, neurological illness, chronic pain or any type of pain that might influence the results of the experiment. Materials One bucket of iced water at 20% of ice and 80% of water.A towel was used, a biopac physiological recording unit, a computer, a thermometer, electrode pads, timers, and recording sheets. Procedure Experimenters set up the lab, got ice for the bucket and measured the temperature of the water being between 3-5 degrees using a thermometer. The biopac was opened on the computer and electrode pads were set up to be ready for use. Participants were recruited, and asked to read the information sheets and sign the consent forms. Then the participants were brought into the lab where they were then hooked up to the biopac. Electrode pads were placed on the finger, wrist, and ankles.An experiment then explained to the participant the procedure. Participants were asked to take a deep breath when they heard the calibrate button, then a to relax for 2 minutes as a baseline was taken. The participants were then told that they would place their hands in a bucket of iced water. They were told when they began to felt pain say ‘uncomfortable’ and when they could not uphold a further threshold to say ‘stop’. Participants were facing away from the computer so they could not see the recordings. The experimenters then calibrated the biopac as the subject took a deep breath.The experimenters then recorded a baseline measurement of the participants GSR, Heart rate, and respirat ion. After 2 minutes the participants were then asked to place their hands in the ice bucket of water and the experimenters then measured tolerance and thresholdThe participants were then given a towl to watm their hands and they were debriefed. Experimenters then took note of the results from the GSR, heart rate and respiration rate from the baseline measurement, when the participant said ‘uncomfortable’ and when the participant said ‘stop’. The data was then analysed through means of SPSS. Results Hypothesis 1When reviewing the overall mean for the differences in male and female response to pain threshold, there was different means found; Females 28. 0 Males; 45. 8. The hypothesis that females and males will differ in pain threshold scores was tested by means of a t-test for independent group samples. The results were as follows; t=1. 83 df=10 p;0. 98, 2tailed. The hypothesis was therefore not upheld. There was no significant difference between the pain t hreshold scores and gender. Hypothesis 2 When reviewing the overall mean for the differences in male and female results for tolerance to pain; the following means were obtained Females; 110. Males; 45. 8. The hypothesis that females and males will differ in tolerance to pain scores was tested inferentially by means of a t-test for independent group samples. The following results were obtained t=1. 16, df=10, p;0. 273. The hypothesis was therefore not upheld. There was no significant difference between pain tolerance scores and gender. Hypothesis 3 A 2 way ANOVA was carried out to asses the sex differences in physiological responses. The results showed no significant differences in relation to sex differences in Heart Rate df=1, f=. 066, p=. 802, GSR- df=1, f=. 534, p=. 82, and Respiration rate- df=1, f=. 410, p=. 885 Discussion The results that were collected from the data did not support any of the 3 hypotheses. This can be due to several different reasons. Our results were in line with several different studies, where sex differences were not found in pain tolerance and pain threshold. .) In 10 of the 34 studies reviewed, sex differences were not found to be statistically significant. (Fillingim, 1995). However, other studies have found that gender differences did support significant results. . In 24 studies reviewed by Riley et al, men exhibited less pain than women.Several variables in different studies have been taken into account which produces different outcomes of results. In several studies, it shows that hunger can be important in the threshold and tolerance of pain. One study reported the effects of 2, 10, 14, and 24 hr. of food deprivation (hunger) and of 0, 2, 3, and 4 min. of cold-pressor stimulation. This study found that the relationship between intensity of hunger and level of autonomic response is not linear and that there seemed to be no gender difference between hunger and pain. (Engel, 1959). Personality factors have also shown in some stu dies to show a difference in pain perception.This study effects of personality and pain catastrophizing upon pain tolerance and pain ratings and to examine the impact of an experimental pain induction on subsequent ratings of catastrophizing. The results found were t that sex differences in catastrophizing and pain responsivity are partially accounted for by the dispositional tendency to describe oneself as emotionally vulnerable. Females tended to describe themselves more emotionally vulnerable than males resulting in males having a higher threshold for pain. (Thorn, 2004). Anxiety can also possibly play a part in the effects of a cold pressor test.It has been found that anxiety based situations can provoke a higher intensity of pain. In Jones (2002) they found that, contrary to previous results, that men had a higher rating of intensity of pain in anxiety provoked situations compared to women. A major issue that has been addressed in the introduction plays a big role to why women can possibly have a higher intensity of pain compared to men. Previous studies have found that it can depend what time in the menstrual cycle that women are in can have an effect on their ratings and perceptions of pain.The hormone oestrogen seems to produce a higher sensitivity to pain and when conducting the cold pressor test this is a serious issue to be taken into consideration. evaluated sex differences in response to cold pressor pain in normally menstruating women (NMW), women maintained on oral contraceptives (OCW), and men. Testing occurred during 5 phases of the menstrual cycle. All participants completed 10 sessions (2 sessions per phase). During the cold presser test, participants immersed the forearm into water maintained at 4 °C, and pain threshold and tolerance were measured.The results were analysed and the study supports the notion that differences in pain perception between the sexes and among menstrual cycle phases are subtle. However, normally menstruating wome n showed an increase in pain tolerance and threshold over repeated stimulation, whereas men only exhibited a minor increase in pain threshold, therefore it shows a sex difference in reaction to repeated painful stimuli between men and women. Following our results, it is believed that our results could have been implicated due to the distractions of the participants.The cold pressor test was conducted in a lab where there was other cold compressor tests being conducted, therefore with the level of noise it was easy to be distracted. This can be an issue for methodology. A previous study has undertaken a study on how distraction can affect experimental pain results. The results were found that distraction had varying impact on different aspects of pain responding, and affectively neutral distraction during pain stimulation reduced the sensory pain ratings but not pain tolerance.Affectively neutral distraction may be used to manage a patient's reaction to brief, painful stimulation, bu t may not work in long term chronic pain (Hodes, 1990). Also as discussed in the introduction, temperature is an extremely important methodological factor when carrying out the CPT. In this experiment we found it very difficult to keep a perfect modulation of the temperature. Previous studies have shown that this minor glitch in the experiment can have an affective major impact on the results. Although water temperature only had risen to an extra one degree, this should be still taken into account for the outcome of the results.Within our sample size, we obtained 16 subjects. (8 males and 8 females). Although the results are weighted, one can feel that this is too small a sample size to draw correct inferences and conclude from. In the future a bigger sample size should be obtained as there will be a greater sensitivity to the results and different results could possibly have an outcome. In continuation with the methodology implications of the participants, they should of not known what the experiment was about. Some of the subjects stated after the experiment that they already knew this experiment via the media.Therefore, participants could of possibly tried to withstand a threshold for longer as they knew what exactly the experimenters were testing. As the experimenters were all female, in sociological aspects, men could have possibly pretended to not feel pain, in order to impress the experimenters. This can affect the results to an extent. There also could be an implication of anticipation of pain versus actual pain. If the subject is anticipating feeling pain, this can make them think that they feel more pain as they have psychologically believed that this experiment will amount to a certain level of pain.Even though some would conclude that inducing pain and stressors on individuals is ethically wrong, psychology needs a mean to test experimental pain for a growth in psychology. The cold pressor test was the best test to carry out to induce pain as it do es not cause any psychological or physiological harm, the participants’ control over the process (i. e. , their ability to withdraw the limb), and the pain only mounts very slowly, the subject can withdraw their hand if it reached a level of any severe pain.After analysing and assessing various discursive points and implications of the study, this study can conclude that there are methodological implications within the cold pressor test. Different studies all have different outcomes on whether there is an actual sex difference within pain tolerance and pain threshold, and this can be due to different variables being used within studies. Further research should progress in the areas of the affect of a difference in water temperature, and anxiety provoked situations in relation to gender difference as there has been previously little research conducted.Berkley, K (1997) Sex differences in pain Behav Brain Sci, 20 pp. 371–380 Dixon, K. E, Thorn, B. E, Ward, L. C (2004) An evaluation of sex differences in psychological and physiological responses to experimentally-induced pain A path analytic description Pain, 112 pp. 188–196 Engel, B. T. (1959), â€Å"Some physiological correlates of hunger and pain†, Journal of experimental psychology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 389-396. Fillingim, R. B, Maixner, W. (1995) Gender differences in the responses to noxious stimuli Pain Forum, 4, pp. 209–221 Fillingim, RB; Wright, RA (2003). â€Å"SexDifferences and Incentive Effects on Perceptual and Cardiovascular Responses to Cold Pressor Pain†. Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2): 284–91 Helstrom, B. & Lundberg, U. (2000), â€Å"Pain perception to the cold pressor test during the menstrual cycle in relation to oestrogen levels and a comparison with men†,  Integrative Physiological & Behavioural Science,  vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 132-141 Hodes, R. L. , Howland, E. W. , Lightfoot, N. & Cleeland, C. S. (1990), â€Å"The effects of distracti on on responses to cold pressor pain†, Pain, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 109-114. Jones, A. , Spindler, H. Jorgensen, M. M. & Zachariae, R. (2002) â€Å"The effect of situation-evoked anxiety and gender on pain report using the cold pressor test†, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 307-313. Lynn B. Cutaneous nociceptors. In: Winlow W, Holden AV. The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1984. Mitchell, L. A. , MacDonald, R. A. R. & Brodie, E. E. (2004), â€Å"Temperature and the Cold Pressor Test†, The Journal of Pain, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 233-238 Raj PP.Taxonomy and classification of pain. In: Niv D, Kreitler S, Diego B, Lamberto A. (2007) The Handbook of Chronic Pain. Nova Biomedical Books; Riley, J. L, Robinson, M. E, Wise, E. A, Mers, C. D,Fillingim, R. B (1998)Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli A meta-analysis Pain, 74 pp. 181–187 Thorn, B. E. , Clements, K. L. , Ward, L. C. , Dixon, K. E. , Kersh, B. C. , Boothby, J. L. & Chaplin, W. F. 2004, â€Å"Personality factors in the explanation of sex differences in pain catastrophizing and response to experimental pain†,  The Clinical journal of pain,  vol. 0, no. 5, pp. 275-282 von Baeyer, C. L. , Piira, T. , Chambers, C. T. , Trapanotto, M. and Zeltzer, L. K. (2005). Guidelines for the Cold Pressor Task as an Experimental Pain Stimulus for Use With Children. Journal of Pain, Vol 6, No 4, pp 218-227 2!!! a b International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions [cited 10 Sep 2011]. â€Å"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage† Derived from Bonica JJ. The need of a taxonomy. Pain. 1979; 6(3):247–8.

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Western civilization and western culture - Essay Example Western Civilization and Western Culture have many examples of fascinating masterpieces,and these masterpieces were created by famous and significant people or were made under their rule.It is possible to compose a list of 100 Most Important or Most Interesting Individuals in Western Culture The aim of this paper is to underline great significance and importance of this person and his actions for Western Civilization and Western Culture and explain why Charlemagne should be included in the list of 100 Most Important or Most Interesting Individuals in Western Culture.Charlemagne became an Emperor of the Romans in A.D.800, but before his coronation as an emperor he had created a vast empire in the West, and the territory of his empire included the Western part of the old Roman Empire and some new territories. Under Charlemagne's rule Western Europe made a transition from antique Hellenistic and Roman culture to medieval culture. His rule united three main types of culture and life patt ern of that time: "His reign was based on harmony which developed between three elements: the Roman past, the Germanic way of life, and Christianity. Charlemagne devoted his entire reign to blending these three elements into one kingdom (Kreis, 2000)". So, his rule was based on interaction of three main cultures of his time, and this interaction became one of numerous merits of Charles the Great. He created a strong cultural fundament of his Empire, and this fundament resulted in such important cultural phenomenon of medieval history as Carolingian Renaissance which began in Charlemagne's epoch. One of the most tremendous cultural achievements of Charlemagne was literacy and knowledge revival in Frankish state. In that time there were a few people who could read, even among monks who were concerned the most literary men in the Empire. There were no official standards of writing, and there were many different errors in books of that time. For changing the situation Charlemagne invited Alcuin who was one of the most educated persons in Europe. Under Charlemagne's rule Alcuin founded the basics of education system in Frankish Empire which became widely spread in Europe for centuries: "Here we find the origins of the seven liberal arts: the trivium comprised grammar (how to write), rhetoric (how to speak) and logic (how to think) while the quadrivium was made up of the mathematical arts, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music (Kreis, 2000)". Under Alcuin's leadership Palace School in Aachen (the capital of Frankish Empire) was founded. The Palace School developed interest for philosophy, literature and other spheres of education. In addition to that in Charlemagne time Latin language became the status of official language of the Church - this unification played a great role in medieval history. The writing style was improved, and now it became easier for people to read religious texts. Clergymen were the most educated people in that time, so churches became centers of education and culture. Education became more accessible for many people. In his adulthood Charlemagne learnt to read Latin and Greek and encouraged education. So, Charlemagne contributed much in culture and education of Frankish Empire and medieval world in general. Charlemagne also contributed much in Western Catholic Church rites. Under his rule liturgical rite and music were greatly reformed: "Using the liturgical rite of St. Gregory the Great and the chant form of the Church of Rome as the basis, Charlemagne undertook to create a liturgical and musical standard for his recently founded Holy Roman Empire (Western Catholic Liturgics)". This reform led to unification and standardization of Catholic rites and made Charlemagne one of the leading Christian emperors in medieval history. As was mentioned above, Charlemagne unified Latin as the official language of Catholic Church; he restored Holy Roman Empir

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Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Microfinance Research Paper

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Microfinance - Research Paper Example The paper focuses on microfinance activities meeting the cause of women in the countries like Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana. Microfinance in Kenya ACCA (2011) states that the microfinance activities in Kenya got its foothold in '80s but it expanded rapidly after Microfinance Intermediaries Act came into force in the year 2006. The microfinance intermediaries (MFIs) operate under regulatory framework called Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). As per EIU, Kenya offers one of the best business environments for MFIs. Reece (2011) describes about the organizational power of women in Kenya who without enough government help are building financial resources and security for them. As such, only 20 percent of the population in Kenya is in the position to open a bank account or do any transaction with the banks. Rose Olouch, a village woman, is quite vocal in stating that Kenyan women are capable of empowering themselves. She leads the group of 20 women who among themselves save, loan and cont ribute towards group insurance fund to meet emergencies. Women dominate in decision making process with regard to village and home finances. Small savings and loan groups provide basic level of financing to the low-income groups. Such groups meet monthly to carry out essential activities maintaining a strict discipline in the gathering. The Women’s Enterprise Development Institute (WEDI) is the largest organization serving some 20,000 clients. The WEDI's operations are based on the managed-ASCA model. Women take loan from the ASCA. Each member contributes Ksh100 as monthly saving and they can withdraw it on notice. Members are eligible for the dividend at the end of the year. The ASCA does charge management fees depending upon the funds handled. At least 45% of WEDI groups operate in areas with population density of 200 persons per square km. Further, most of the WEDI groups operate in the areas where poverty incidence is between 20 and 40 percent of the population. Johnson, et al. argues that decentralized models have advantages in reaching poorer and remote areas. WEDI client portfolio includes women from the poorest strata of the society. WEDI’s clients are involved in the activities of farming and producing cash crops such as coffee, beans. They also run retail shops in and indulge into buying and selling of fruits and cereals. Usually, women clients save nearly Ksh 100 per month and take the benefit of small loans from WEDI. WEDI generates enough income from the loans offered so as to sustain its operational expenses (Johnson, Malkamak, and Wanjau, p.11) The Women’s Enterprise Development Company Ltd (WEDCO) is another NGO Microfinance institution operating in the Kenya. Women in rural areas are offered credits by them for their small business activities. WEDCO provides loans for varied purpose including school fees loans and to meet other contingencies. WEDCO serves approximately 12,000 clients in a large geographical area (Johnson, Malkamak, & Wanjau, p.10). Status of Microfinance in South Africa The Microfinance market in South Africa started in the '80s and then it was made up of NGOs and for-profit companies. Until at least 1994 microfinance market in South Africa had a few commercial and not-for-profit lenders but there after microfinance mark

The Child Essay Example for Free

The Child Essay The Social Model of disability came about through the disability movement and other organisation campaigning for equal rights, opportunities and choices for disabled people. The social model of disability recognises that any problem of disability are created by society and its institution and that The Discrimination Acts are tools to help to improve the response of society to disability, also a wheel chair user is not hampered by their disability but by lack of adequate access to buildings. The social model may impact upon our practise as we would provide inclusive environments as a starting point for all children. The Scope website stated ‘The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way society is organised, rather than by a person’s impairment or difference’. The medical model of disability views a disability as the problem also that disability is a tragic incurable fact that leaves the suffer with little chance of a normal life, people should be cared for in institutions and may not be able to be independent. If practitioners follow the medical model of disability this might impact upon our practise by viewing children with a disability as not being able to do anything the other children can do. The medical approach stresses the importance of curing and nowadays preventing disability as though disability is in some ways a tragedy. This has now resulted in screening in pregnancy so that parents can find out if their child is going to have a disability. E2). The legal requirements that support the actions to be taken when it is considered a child may have special needs. The government want to reform the Special Educational Needs (SEN) system to address problems which include parents having to battle to get the support their child needs also children falling between the gaps in services or having to undergo multiple tests, the government are going to by 2014 they are going to include parents in the assessments and give the parents control of funding for the support their child needs. With parents getting the money they might not know where to spend it as they might not have had the money before to spend, with the parents getting the money they have a greater choice of schools that they can send their child to and gives parents and the community groups the power to set up special free schools. The guardian states ‘More than one in five children in England are identified as having SEN – 21% of the school population in January 2010. Only 2. 7% have statements. More than half of the pupils, 11. 4%, are in the school action category. ’ To help children that have learning needs but not necessarily a special educational need we will work with SEN specialists as we develop the reading progress check for six years old to help identify children who require additional support. E3 + C ). The different types of provision available to support children with special needs and their families a voluntary organisation like Barnardo’s where staff just volunteer to work there to help children and their families, they have to find their own way to get money because the government don’t help with any money, they have charities and donations of people to run the business they might also ask for a pound or two for some groups they do to help with the funding. We believe we can bring out the best in every child whether the issue is child poverty, sexual exploitation, disability and domestic violence. † Barnardo’s set up groups for children and parents to go to, so they can talk and so the children can play with each other. Staffs help and support the children and their families. A statuary would be a school this is where children can have one to one support often a special needs or learning support assistant, theses only work alongside the children in the early years settings, through mainstream school parents and families will get support from social services and also get help with respite care, so the children can go for the weekend and have fun and play there this is gives the parents and families a rest as with some children it can be 24 hour every day. By the children going to respite care the children go there so the parents no their child is safe as it can be hard and distressing leaving their child somewhere else. Adults working with SEN children spend the majority of their time supporting that child however sometimes it’s the practitioners that needs the support. The role of the practitioners can be hard work and isn’t taken lightly, the practitioner needs support from other people around them to help promote their confidence and provide the correct provision for the children. A helpful support to practitioners could be the charity Mencap. Mencap work in partnership with people with a learning disability and all our services support people to live life as they choose. E5). One common condition is Dyslexia. It may be possible to detect symptoms of dyslexia before a child starts school. Possible symptoms include: * delayed speech development in comparison with other children of the same age * speech problems, such as not being able to pronounce long words properly and jumbling up phrases – for example, saying helicopter instead of helicopter, or beddy tear instead of teddy bear * problems expressing themselves using spoken language, such as being unable to remember the right word to use, or putting together sentences together incorrectly * little understanding or appreciation of rhyming words, such as the cat sat on the mat, or nursery rhymes * difficulty with, or little interest in, learning letters of the alphabet You can get Dyslexia from family history and genetics, children can get one to one support with spelling and writing and vocabulary, Dyslexia has effects on development with verbal memory, language and concentration. Dyslexic pupils benefit from early intervention to prevent slipping behind their peers. Where specialist support is offered at a lat e age, learning is less effective and self-esteem and emotional well-being may be considerably undermined. Dyslexic pupils will need individual support which is differentiated from that offered to low achieving pupils, addressing the very different learning style of the dyslexic brain, if pupils are to make significant progress. Ideally this should be offered by staff with some training in supporting dyslexic children. In some cases, one-to-one tuition from a specialist dyslexia teacher may be necessary. Practitioners support children within the setting the Class teachers need to have an understanding of the problems that the dyslexic child may have within the classroom situation. Hopefully, with this knowledge, a great deal of misunderstanding of a childs behaviour can be prevented. In a positive and encouraging environment, a dyslexic child will experience the feeling of success and self-value. Another professional that will help children with dyslexia is a one to one tuition from a specialist dyslexia teacher. E6). Ways to overcome barriers to achievement for children with special needs by having adapting the environment and the building this might mean putting a ramp down so the children can get in to the building it might also mean moving the classroom around so children with a walker or a wheelchair can get round the class room, it is also important to adapt activities in order to provide children with the opportunities to learn and feel successful. All children need to experience success in order to maintain motivation and promote a positive self-esteem. This means practitioners need to think about planned activities and consider their suitability for each individual. As practitioners we need to consider how best to adapt the activity in order for the child to have opportunities to learn and feel successful, this may mean changing the format to make it more or less challenging or using a different approach or media. Sometimes equipment and resources need to be modified in order that children can successfully use them, in some cases it is possible to make simple adaptations for example buttons on dressing up clothes may be substituted for Velcro. We also need to get parents involved in planning so we know how we can meet the child’s needs and also so the parents know how the child is getting on in school. An invisible barrier is teachers saying the child can’t do and activity because of their disability and the teachers not changing the lessons for the children, really practitioners should change the activity for each child’s learning needs so that all children are included in each activity and no one is left out of any activities done in the setting, each setting should have an inclusion policy in the setting which means practitioners have to follow the policy to include all the children in the activity, if they don’t they aren’t giving all the children the same chances as everyone else. All practitioners should encourage all children to join in activities together; an example of this could be getting other children to read to a child that has a visual impairment. E7). The role of the practitioner in maintaining the privacy and dignity of children in situations where intimate personal care such as toileting, practitioners would take the child out the room away from the other children and have another member of staff with us, also so making sure practitioners are following policies and procedures like telling other practitioners that you are toileting. As practitioners we need to make sure that we are getting the right training to support the children when toileting. It is important for practitioners to ask parents how we can meet the child’s needs are best met, and maintain privacy and respect of the child, one of the keys for practitioners is to be organised with pads, underwear and toiletries are ready, self-esteem is linked to independence this means that even in tiny ways it is important to support the children to help the child do as much as they can. Children with SEN often take medication. Practitioners will need to uphold knowledge pm the medication so they should research what they are providing to the child, if there could be any side effects what could happen? Communication should take place with the parent or carer to make sure when they should be taking it and if the practitioners will need appropriate training in order to safe guard the child and practitioner. Parents will need to give written consent as to what the practitioner is giving to the child. E8). One professional who supports the needs of children with special needs and their families is a Speech Therapist they are concerned with all aspects of communication, they assess children’s hearing, speech, language, check the mouth and tongue movement, they prepare individual programmes and exercises for children to help them acquire language. Speech therapists either work in the community, hospital clinics or schools; they also help children with cleft lip/palate, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment and stammer. Terms used is assessing speech impairment are fluency, Dysfluency, stutter/stammer, Avoidance behaviour. Signs to watch for and seek advice on birth to 3 months is mother not communicating with the baby or if the child is seriously ill, or having feeding problems. A child 3 to 6 months is silent most of the time and eye contact is not developing. A child 6 to 9 months does not respond to play, vocal and non-vocal and no consistent response to noise, a child 9 to 12 months not trying to communicate and not responding to single words and simple commands, a child 12 to 15 months unable to give a toy to a adult on request. Exercises that may help the children develop could be tongue exercises, blowing bubbles, different lip shapes, making noises with toys and adapting songs. Another professional who supports the eeds of children with special needs and their families is a Community Nurse in some areas community nurses visit schools and settings to help provide advice and support, they may undertake general health and work with parents or they may work with particular children and their famil ies. The Every Child Matters programme is a major focus on early year’s centres. The community nurse may assess the children with epilepsy, mental health and behavioural problems. The http://dera. ioe. ac. uk stated ‘Currently, few local community children’s nursing (CCN) services are able to meet the needs of all ill and disabled children and young people, who have been divided into four groups. These are: †¢ Children with acute and short-term conditions; †¢ Children with long-term conditions; Children with disabilities and complex conditions, including those requiring Continuing care and neonates; and †¢ Children with life-limiting and life-threatening illness, including those requiring Palliative and end-of-life care. ’ D). The importance of a sensitive, non-judgemental approach when working with children with special needs and their families, this is linked right through my assignment talking about that no two children are the same, each child have their own personality and interests and this requires that practitioners are sensitive and reflective. Observing children and thinking about their responses is therefore useful especially where a child’s communications skills are limited. As practitioners we see it as it’s important that many children with special needs are educated alongside their peers, many parents and families have a fight to get equal access to education for the child. As not all schools might have the support that the child may need and to government funding they may not be able to afford it. B). The benefits of an inclusive approach for the child with special needs, the concepts of inclusive education emphasis on schools and settings to adapt and be flexible enough to accommodate each and every child. Organisations seeking inclusive practice also point out the importance of significant funding as poor resources, both physical and human are often barriers to inclusive education. Inclusive education enables all students to participate fully in any mainstream schools, colleges or university it also has training and resources aimed at fostering every student’s equality and participation in all aspects of the life of the learning community, inclusive education aims to equip all people with the skills needed to build inclusive communities. Inclusive education is based on principles: * A person’s worth is independent of their abilities or achievements * Every human being able to feel and think * Every human being has a right to communicate and be heard * All humans beings need each other * Diversity brings strengths to all living system. If children with special needs are to take their place in society after school then, it is important for a school to be truly inclusive, and ending discrimination, removing barriers as talked about in E6, and welcoming and valuing all children. Local education authorities are required to educate children with special needs subject to parents’ wishes, I think it is important that if parents want their child to go in mainstream school they have the chance to go, and learn with other children. A). It is important that different professionals work together to help children and their families as they are there to help and support the child and the family. Multi-agency teams work together to provide benefits for children, young people and families because they receive tailor-made support in the most efficient way. The Education. gov website stated† Multi-agency working brings together practitioners from different sectors and professions to provide an integrated way of working to support children, young people and families†. The benefits of this include early identification and intervention, easier or quicker access to services or expertise, improved achievement in education and better engagement in education, better support for parents, children, young people and family’s needs addressed more appropriately, better quality services, reduced need for more specialist services. The teams work together to help the child meet their needs. A multi-professional approach is important because all the professionals need to work together to help the child and their family for example a child might have a speech impairment the professionals like the practitioner, health visitor and the speech therapist will all work together to help and support the child and the family all the professionals will have a meeting once a month if not more often. t is important for all the professionals to work together for the safety of the child and their family, if they dont work together a situation could end up like baby p, baby p died because professionals didnt work together and have regular meetings and communication. All the professionals need to work together so they know everything about the child and their family and the child and family are getting on and what professionals are working with the family. A multi-agency team helps a team of professionals that work together to support children and their families. A multi-agency team use the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) this supports children and young people who have a low level of additional needs. A multi-agency team will help professionals from relevant agencies to work together to assess the child or young person and therefore support development and learning appropriately. A multi-agency team need to have regular meetings to keep up with all the information; they also need to respect everyone’s views in the team as some people might have different views and opinions. The team of professionals need to have patience as there will be a lot of people in the team with questions to ask. They also need good communication with other members of the team, the children, the parents and the teacher. Good communications mean having emails, letters and information passed on correctly and on time. It also helps being well organised, also making sure they have a right date and time for a meeting.

Introduction To The Perfect Competition

Introduction To The Perfect Competition Microeconomics is about economizing choices among alternatives uses of scarce resources. The choices are made up by the individuals. businesses, and government units. Scarcity can be say as the central of the economic theory. Economic analysis is fundamentally about the maximization of leisure time, wealth, health, happiness, these are all commonly reduced to the concept of utility subjects to constraints. These constraints or scarcity define a trade off. For example, we can have more money by working harder, but less time because there are only so many hours in a day, so time is a scarce. Microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and business and macroeconomics that is considered the economy as a whole, in which case it considered aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. In short, microeconomics is to study about the economics behavior of individual consumers, firms, and industries and the distribution of production and income amon g them. It can be considers individuals both as supplier of labour and capital and as the ultimate consumers of the final product. Beside that, it can be use to analysis both firms both as suppliers of products and as consumers of labour and capital. Microeconomics also helps to seek analyze the market or the types of mechanism that establish relative prices among the goods and services or allocates societys resources among their many alternative uses. Microeconomics is a very important knowledge in the study of economic theory, it has both theoretical and practical implications. Microeconomics is a great help that are efficient in managing the limited resources available in the country and it is helpful to understand the work of the free enterprise economy where there is no central control. Microeconomics is the basis of welfare economics, it is used to construct the economic models for the better understanding of the actual economic phenomena. Microeconomics also explains how thro ugh market mechanism goods and services produced in the community are distributed. Microeconomics is utilized to explain the gains from international trade, balance of payments disequilibrium and the determination of foreign exchange rate. 2.0 Introduction to Monopoly Monopoly is the market structure that exist a single seller and a very large amount of buyers and selling products that have no close substitution and also have a very high entry and exit barrier. In our country, the example of monopoly market are the TNB, Indah Water, and Telekom Malaysia (TM Berhad). If people want to subscribe home telephone services they only can go to the Telekom Malaysia ( TM Berhad ), because Telekom Malaysia (TM Berhad ) is a monopoly. The word monopoly is a latin word, where mono means single and poly means sellers. Monopoly have firms that it is the only supplier in the market, and there will be no close substitute towards the output so monopoly have no treat of competition. 2.1 Characteristics of Monopoly There are some characteristics of monopoly market. According to (www.economicsonline.co.uk) monopolies have the ability to maintain a very normal profits in the long run. As with all firms, profits are maximized when Marginal Cost ( MC ) = Marginal Revenue (MR). In overall, the profit level are well depend upon the degree of the competition in the market, which for a pure monopoly is zero. At the profit maximization, MC = MR, and the output is Q and the price is P. Given that the price ( AR ) is above ATC at Q, supernormal profits are possible ( area P,A,B,C ). Super-normal-profits Monopoly exists when there is only one seller of a product. Monopoly is the firm that only exist in the industry selling a product that has no close substitution. Monopoly market is the place where the monopoly firm operates. In short, there is no difference between a firm and an industry in monopoly as there is only have one seller. A monopolist is a price maker, price maker are defined as firm which has the market power to control the prices. Since there is only one seller or producer so they have the power to control the price of their products in the market. Monopoly firm only sell product that has no close substitute, so that consumers or buyers could not find any substitute for the product that they require. For example, electric supply from our country can only found in TNB which has no close substitute for it. In the monopoly market, there is also some strict barriers to the entry of new firm. Barriers to entry are most likely natural or legal restrictions that restrict the e ntry of new firms into the industry because it is very high cost to enter a market that can support only one business example: TNB, Indah Water and Telekom Berhad. So a monopolist faces no competition because of the barriers of entry because other producer cannot compete with them due to they dont have the resource at their disposal. Business in monopoly firm may have the copyright for its own product so it will be illegal for other producer to duplicate its product. In short, barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably because barriers to entry are to protect the monopoly power of existing firms and therefore it maintain the supernormal or abnormal profits in the long run. Advertising in monopoly market are depend on the products that the producer sold because if products are luxury goods such as imported car, then the monopoly needs some advertisement to promote their goods so that the consumers are informed about it. Local public u tilities such as water, electricity and home phone services do not require advertisement because consumers will know where to obtain it because there is only one to get the products. 2.2 Conclusion for Question 1 In conclusion, we have learned about monopoly is a market structure that is only single seller and a large numbers of buyers and products that have no substitution. And also there is a very strict barrier of entry and exit to the monopoly market. 3.0 Introduction to The perfect competition Perfect competition is a type of market where there are large number of buyers and sellers, the sellers sell identical or homogeneous product. There is also free entry and exists of the firms. Both of the buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge of the market. 3.1 Characteristics of The perfect competition There are some necessary conditions or requirements in order to be in a perfect competition market. Being with the perfect competition market, there is an important feature of perfect competition is the existence of the large number of buyers and sellers. The market is so small compared to the overall industry where a single seller sells in the market. For example, in the poultry industry, there are thousands of duck producers in Malaysia and each firm produces only a small fraction of the total poultry industry. Another conditions for perfect competition market is that the firm must sell homogenous or standardized product because the buyers do not differentiate the products of one seller to another seller. For example, the buyers cant differentiate about the ducks that is selling in the Firm A and Firm B. Hence, the firm cant charge different prices for the same product in the market. Once the buyers notice the difference of the quality, packaging, colour or design of different sell ers, then this market is no more in the state of perfect competition market. Even the products are similar but if there is a difference in terms of the packaging and quality then the product is not a homogenous or standardized product anymore. Under the perfect competition market, there is no restriction on entry of new firms to the industry or exit of the firms from the industry. A firm can enter the perfect competition easily and exit the perfect competition anytime if the firm wants. For example when he/she has the necessary factors of production like land, labour and capital then he/she can operate the business already. If the firm suffers from losses it can leave the industry without any rules and regulations or restrictions. 3.2 Introduction to The monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition is a market structure that have large numbers of small sellers selling differentiated products but these are close substitute products and also have a easy entry into and exit from the market. Compare to perfect competition, monopolistic competition market produce different and sold different but the goods are close substitutes for one another. There are many products in the world represent monopolistic competition such as clothes, shoes, books and other items. 3.3 Characteristics of The monopolistic competition The characteristics of monopolistic competition market are quite similar with the perfect competition. Similar to perfect competition, there are large numbers of sellers and buyers under the monopolistic competition market. There are large number of firms existing in the monopolistic competition market but it is less as compared to the perfect competition market. Since the size of the firms are small, there is no individual firm can influence the market price. But, if each firm in monopolistic competition market produces different or unique products then they will have some control over the prices. Hence, each firm follows an independent price-output policy. For example, in wax industry, the prices of a 100ml wax range among brands such as gasby, mudwax, spiky and other firms as well. Product differentiation means that the product in the firm is selling or producing are not identical. In monopolistic market competition, the firms that producing the goods are different from its compet itor. Each seller will use different methods to differentiate their product from other sellers to attract the buyers and consumers. Product differentiation will gone through the packaging, design, labeling, advertising and brand name. For example, if the firm sold eggs that is in the open shelf, then the eggs will category in perfect competition market. But if the firm packaged their egg in a packaged box and labeled as Best Protein Egg, then this egg is in the monopolistic competition market. In monopolistic competition market, there is no entry and exit barriers in monopolistic competition. However, the entry and exit into the monopolistic competition market is not as easy as the perfect competition market because of the products differentiation. If any new firms that enter the industry, they have to find some differentiation with the existing brands. For example, if Chicken A1 wants to enter the soup industry, then the firm must find some difference in term of quality, taste, lab eling, and packaging in order to be in the monopolistic competition market. In the monopolistic competition market, there will be stiff competition with other firms for their products and not for the price of the product. Monopolistic competitive firms do not compete using the prices because of the products in the market are having a lot of substitutes. So, the producers or sellers uses various methods to attract the customers to buy their products. Types of non-price competition practices in monopolistic competition market are advertisements, promotion, discounts, free gifts, after-sales service and others. 3.4 Introduction to The oligopoly Oligopoly is the market structure that there are only a few enough firms selling either standardized or differentiated products and it is very restricted to enter the entry and exit from the market. Under the market structure, some or all the firms in the industry can earn abnormal profits in the long run. This is because of the entry of new firms is difficult or impossible. The oligopolistic firms can impose barriers to the entry in terms of patents or access to a certain technology in the market. The purpose of it is to control excess the production of output, which is unprofitable for the oligopolistic firms. The example of the oligopoly markets are cigarettes, automobiles, electrical equipment and cement. 3.5 Characteristics of The oligopoly The characteristics of oligopoly market are having few numbers of firms. Under oligopoly, the number of firms is small but the size of the firms is large. The market share of each firm that is large enough to dominate the whole market. Few firms control the overall industry under oligopoly. But there is also no specific numbers to control the market before becoming oligopolistic. The main important criterion to become oligopolistic is to have mutual interdependence between these firms. Under the situation like this, firms will considered the reactions of its rivals in decision making to create strategic interdependence. There will be strong interdependence among all the firms in the oligopolistic market as the number of the firms will become smaller. But if the number of the firms become larger, then the interdependence between these firms will diminish. In oligopoly market, a product that is sold under oligopoly can be either a homogeneous or a differentiated product. Example, cemen t or electrical appliances produced by one firm are identical to another firm. Firms that is in oligopolistic market always consider the reaction of other firm rivals when both are choosing price, sales target, advertising budgets and other business policies. This is the important characteristic of an oligopoly firm that differs from other market structures. Because of the number of firms is small, changes in price or output by one firm can have direct effect on another firm. Under the situation of oligopolistic market, there are plenty barriers to entry that is similar to monopoly. The oligopoly firms have restricted new entrants into the markets. The barriers are to control the certain resources, ownership of patent and copyright, exclusive financial requirements and other legal barriers. In short, large firms may take drastic actions in order to prevent the entry of new firms by flooding the market. These large firms will produce the output at excess production capacity, which wo uld drive the price down. That means new firms that is newly set up will not survive because sometimes the price are set by these large firms is below the cost price. Once the new firms are out of the market, the large firms will reduce the production capacity and increase the product price. 3.6 Introduction to The monopoly Monopoly is a market structure where there is only one firm in the industry and there is no substitution to it. Monopoly have a very high entry and exit barrier because it is very high cost to enter a market that can support only one business. Monopoly is also a price maker, which has the market power to control the price. 3.7 Characteristics of The monopoly Monopoly is just the only seller of the product. The monopoly firm will be the only firm industry that is selling product that has no close substitution at all. Which means consumers can only find the only firm that is selling the only product, consumers could not find any substitute for the product. Besides that, monopoly market have a very strict barriers to the entry of the new firm. Advertising in monopoly market is actually depend on the product it sold. Normally public utilities such as water, electricity and home phone services do not need advertisement because people will know where to go for the product unless it is luxury goods like imported car then it will be needed advertisement to let consumers know about it.